Bad breath — also known as halitosis — is a common and often embarrassing condition that affects millions of people worldwide. While occasional bad breath is normal, persistent bad breath can be a sign of deeper health or hygiene issues. Understanding the root causes is the first step toward finding an effective solution.

1. Poor Oral Hygiene

The most common cause of bad breath is poor oral hygiene. When food particles remain in your mouth, bacteria break them down and release foul-smelling sulfur compounds. Failing to brush and floss daily allows plaque to build up, leading to gum disease and worsening odor.

2. Dry Mouth (Xerostomia)

Saliva plays a vital role in cleansing the mouth and removing food debris. If your mouth is dry, odor-causing particles are not washed away. Dry mouth can be caused by certain medications, medical conditions, alcohol, caffeine, or simply breathing through your mouth.

3. Food and Drinks

What you eat and drink has a direct impact on your breath. Garlic, onions, spicy foods, coffee, and alcohol are common culprits. These substances enter your bloodstream, travel to your lungs, and affect your breath until the body fully processes them.

4. Smoking and Tobacco Use

Tobacco products leave a strong, lingering odor in the mouth. Smoking also increases the risk of gum disease, reduces saliva flow, and irritates the tissues in your mouth — all of which can contribute to halitosis.

5. Gum Disease

Persistent bad breath can be an early warning sign of gum disease (periodontal disease). This condition occurs when plaque hardens into tartar and causes infection and inflammation in the gums, producing an unpleasant smell.

6. Medical Conditions

In some cases, bad breath is linked to underlying health problems. These may include:

• Respiratory infections (sinusitis, bronchitis)
• Diabetes
• Liver or kidney disease
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
• Tonsil stones

If your bad breath doesn’t improve with better hygiene and lifestyle changes, it might be time to consult a dentist or doctor.

7. Crash Diets and Fasting

Low-carb diets, intermittent fasting, and crash dieting can lead to ketone breath, which smells fruity or similar to nail polish remover. This is due to the body burning fat for energy instead of carbohydrates.

How to Prevent Bad Breath

• Brush your teeth at least twice a day and floss daily.
• Clean your tongue using a tongue scraper or soft toothbrush.
• Stay hydrated to maintain saliva flow.
• Chew sugar-free gum to stimulate saliva.
• Visit your dentist regularly for checkups and cleanings.
• Avoid foods and substances that contribute to bad breath.